Legal and Ethical Issues In Healthcare

Question: Discuss about the Legal and Ethical Issues In Healthcare. Answer: Introduction Undoubtedly, the law and ethics of practice play a crucial part in the decision-making ability of a person, be it a patient or a healthcare practitioner. Consequently, individuals possess rights to make decisions that affect their health. However, competencies or lack of the capacity to make decisions may serve as a barring factor, and someone can be considered unfit to make his or her decisions. This paper encompasses the identification and the discussion of the legal as well as the ethical issues presented in the case study. It discusses options that are available to ensure that treatment is provided when a patient is not in a better position to make decisions. Legal Issues It is evident that the management of healthcare always presents complex situations especially when the capability of a person to be treated to engage in decision making is called into question (Pozgar, 2016). Edwards case is different because he had refused to be treated for a viral infection before becoming unconscious. As such, the paramedics were legally forced to institute treatment since it was an emergency situation and the requests to initiate psychiatric consultation for purposes of assessing Edwards capacity could not be performed when he was in a diabetic coma. The actions of the paramedics were guided by the legal authority that states that the healthcare professionals ought to come up with a feeling that a patient or client who rejects a particular type of recommended treatments is in a way incompetent until the doctors or a court proves otherwise (Forester-Miller Davis, 1995). Consequently, it is not the refusal to treatment that has the ability to determine a patient's capacity to decide, but the right to self-determination that matters in treatment (Ulrich, 2001). However, the paramedics had to do what was legally acceptable to save Edwards life, and as a result invoked the principle of implied consent in emergent situations such as his by surrogating (Ashcroft, 2007). The elements of this consent exist such as the nature of a medical procedure or decision. It is s primary goal of any healthcare center to ensure that patients are given an opportunity during the consultation periods to make informed choices before the start of treatment. This element requires that analysis is done on the nature of the decision involved in a surgical operation. It is a requirement to check if patient's decision to decline treatment before the occurrence of an emergent situation is valid or not. The other element of this consent revolves around the search for a reasonable alternative that may lead to the invocation of applied consent to be the only proposed intervention. As such, an aspect that entails the comprehension of relevant risks, and uncertainties as well as benefits that may lead to the betterment of patient in critical condition. Although the case study of Edwards condition brings about mixed reactions, it is evident that the element understanding together with acceptance of an intervention of treatment could not be relied on after discovering that he showed no signs of recovering from fatal brain injury. For the case of implied consent, the paramedics who were responsible for Edwards care are obligated to make a decision on how best the commencement of the treatment could be done using the legal authority that employs the principle of best interests. The National Health Act permits medical treatment for an emergency situation to foster the prevention of death or causing permanent damage to the health of the client (Gillon, 2003). Health care practitioners are not allowed to provide treatment to a patient before the informed consent is first obtained because the act has legal consequences that may impact the careers of physicians (Satyanarayana, 2008). The legal consequences that flow when a practitioner breaches the policy of informed consent involve being sued upon the realization that no informed consent was obtained before the start of treatment. A health care practitioner is usually sued for medical battery, which is considered as a purely legal issue that is associated closely with the application of effective treatment for someone who is unwilling. A medical battery is usual referred to offensive touching when no consent or permission has been sought. The other legal consequences that come with the application when no consent was obtained before the start of medical treatment is the suing of a physician for medical malpractice, and this may lead the provider's license to be suspended. Since Edward is unresponsive, the rationale that can be used is that which values the life of a patient. It is usually the work of the medical practitioners to maintain confidentiality to ensure that no information about the patient leaks to other people (Beauchamp Childress, 2001). Since situations may turn out to be critical at times and the situation on the ground is life-threatening, treatment has to be done with immediate effect to ensure the patient is treated to stabilize his or her conditions (Limerick, 2007). As such, quick actions must be done to make sure that the relevant people are contacted in case the situation presents nothing useful to indicate that a patient can recover from a diabetic coma, and in the next minute provide full informed consent. The rationale is to be thoughtful of what should be done as options for the dilemma (Klvemark et al., 2004). In essence, an evaluation of the available alternatives to standing in the place of the first one is the rationale that works in this scenario. Medical practitioners have access to a number of options that can be practically utilized to obtain consent to facilitate Edwards ongoing treatment. Evidently, some circumstances require the listing of the next of keen based on what the state law would recommend. Therefore, health care professionals have an obligation to get to know the people who are intimately related to him and can be relied upon in the decision-making process. As such, there is a specific hierarchy that must be followed to enhance the appropriate decision-making process to obtain consent before the beginning of a medical treatment procedure. For this case, Una can be called upon to assist in giving out informed consent. The effectiveness of the process would be apparent by her willingness or ability to understand the procedures to be undertaken. When she fails to understand the actual processes, Genevieve can come in to help with the matter at hand without interfering with the operation of giving consent for his unresponsive husband. If no surrogate is settled on, health care practitioners might be forced to act using the principle of best interests until the court intervenes to appoint a guardian who will help with informed consent. The legal authority that can be relied upon is that of Potential Surrogates and Priority. This is based on the reason that statutory provisions provide a toolkit that addresses the person with a potential of acting as a proxy for an unresponsive patient such as Edward. It is the ultimate cause of action for the healthcare practitioners to provide a definitive answer in cases where there exist two substitute surrogates or even more who have the potential of providing a consent regarding what should be done to a patient who is unresponsive or lacks the capacity of making decisions (Leo, 2017). The availability of legal issues that can be undertaken in realizing a definitive solution makes the entire process to be successful. As such, the legal options will begin by first designating a hierarchy since it is the only primary strategy that can be incorporated to find consent that wasnt clear due to disagreements between two or more surrogates. This approach will rely on the policy that those who are lower in the hierarchy do not stand a chance in situations like this to overrule a surrogate who is authorized by skipping judicial proceedings. One of the option that can be implemented in circumstances where there are multiple surrogates involves allowing the healthcare providers to depend more on what the majority of the potentially relevant surrogates settled on during the process of obtaining consent before the disputes erupted (Morrison Monagle, 2009). In essence, a definitive answer has to be deprived in a situation like this because judicial interventions assist in resolving the disagreements even in the absence of provided provisions. Medically, the decision to enhance the withdrawal of life-sustaining measures is quite difficult to reach because it may be considered to be culturally repulsive. One of the factors that need to be taken into account is the level of acceptance that has been collectively reached (Elwyn et al., 2012). This depends on the seen benefits of the life-sustaining measures, and the decision must be arrived at by the family and the clinicians (Tilden et al., 2001). This factor is used after noticing the fact that the Edward is undeniably and unquestionably gaining no benefits from the measures of life-sustenance proposedly to be withdrawn. The other factor that can be used to foster the withdrawal of Edward's life-sustaining measures is that which involves a realized stabilized medical condition. This is because if a state of a patient is stable to a level that no further signs of improvements is expected; the decision can be reached at by both the healthcare professionals and the family to wi thdraw the measures (Danis et al., 1991). Ethical Issues Ethical issues in healthcare play a pivotal role in enhancing medical treatment in hospitals. As such, one of the ethical principles that are relevant in this scenario is the principle of autonomy. In particular, this moral principle stands for the proposal or proposition that adults with the ability to make informed decisions possess complete as well as the perfect rights to influence what treatment can be done with their bodies. This is in reference to the declaration on bioethics as well as human rights, and it is a principle that has universal recognition in ethical practice in healthcare. As such, Edwards case relies on this principle since it is his unresponsiveness or the lack of the capacity to make decisions due to the diabetic coma that calls for the invitation of his family to provide informed consent on his behalf legally. It is evident from the case study that Edward had in the previous days refused the treatment of the viral infection, which the ethical principle of aut onomy accepts but now his emergent condition made it hard for him to give his informed consent before treatment. Similarly, the other principle that applies to the facts in this scenario is that of beneficence. This applies in the scenario by promoting healthcare benefits to a patient who is unresponsive or in a diabetic coma. This ethical code disregards all the others and makes the healthcare practitioners act using what they view to be of "best interest." However, a conflict between the above principles can arise when the clinicians decide to perform first aid on a patient in an emergent situation. The principle of beneficence could have been applied to resuscitate a diabetic coma, but because the principle of autonomy makes it difficult for the healthcare professionals to make decisions since Edward had previously refused to seek medical treatment yet treatment was provided without his own consent. This is because the patient may have had own ideas that he views beneficial his health. As such, scenarios that differ in intensity with this one requires that clinicians involve patients in dialogue to enhance the realization of the most appropriate treatment after obtaining informed consent without coercion. As such, the other stakeholders in the scenario such as Edwards wife can try to use what her husband had said in the earlier conservation about treatment. Conflicts of ethical practices are best solved using the modified version of Kerridge, Stewart, and Lowes (2013) model in problem-solving to address the disputes accordingly. Evidently, the model involves the application of critical thinking in addressing the steps that finally determines the cause of action (Kerridge et al., 2013). For this case, the first thing to be done to solve the ethical conflict starts with the identification of a problem. It involves precisely stating what the ethical issue is, after which the code of ethics that governs healthcare practitioners is applied (Pera Van, 2005). Subsequently, the nature, as well as the dimension of the conflicts, is determined to demonstrate the most preferred side that works to benefit the patient. After analyzing the situation of a patient involved in scenarios where the principle of autonomy is bridged, the healthcare providers will do the generation of all the potential courses of action. However, before the full incorporati on, an evaluation of the chosen cause of action is done, upon which its implementation is later performed. As such, the conflict can be solved by taking into consideration the idea that medical treatment is done according to the best interests of a person. As such, the practitioners are legally allowed to justify their actions by evaluating whether it is the best judgment to forego the principle of autonomy and do what is critical to the current condition of a patient. Conclusion This paper has discussed and identified the legal as well as the ethical issues that are evident in the case study. Ethics and laws are crucial in guiding the healthcare practitioners to provide medical treatment to patients in a way that cannot result in the infringement of patients' rights. Various legal and ethical issues arise in Edward's case since he had in the preceding days refused to seek medical attention. But when found unconscious and unresponsive, an analysis of his condition is analyzed, and treatment is provided by the paramedics without his own consent. This is because the practitioners have several options to treat a patient such as that of finding surrogates or substitutes who can provide consent on Edward's behalf. However, there are occasions where disagreement occurs between two or more of such surrogates and the jurisdiction to be implemented involves considering the hierarchy of the substitutes when a patient is not in a capacity to make critical decisions of a given health procedure. References Ashcroft, R. E. (2007). Principles of health care ethics. Chichester, West Sussex, England: John Wiley Sons. Beauchamp, T. L., Childress, J. F. (2001). Principles of biomedical ethics. Oxford [u.a.: Oxford Univ. Press. Danis, M., Southerland, L. I., Garrett, J. M., Smith, J. L., Hielema, F., Pickard, C. G., ... Patrick, D. L. (1991). A prospective study of advance directives for life-sustaining care. New England Journal of Medicine, 324(13), 882-888. Elwyn, G., Frosch, D., Thomson, R., Joseph-Williams, N., Lloyd, A., Kinnersley, P., ... Edwards, A. (2012). Shared decision making: a model for clinical practice. Journal of general internal medicine, 27(10), 1361-1367. Forester-Miller, H., Davis, T. E. (1995). A practitioner's guide to ethical decision making. Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association. Gillon, R. (2003). Ethics needs principlesfour can encompass the restand respect for autonomy should be first among equals. Journal of medical ethics, 29(5), 307-312. Klvemark, S., Hglund, A. T., Hansson, M. G., Westerholm, P., Arnetz, B. (2004). Living with conflicts-ethical dilemmas and moral distress in the health care system. Social science medicine, 58(6), 1075-1084. Kerridge, I., Lowe, M., Stewart, C. (2013). Ethics and law for the health professions. Leo, R. (2017). Competency and the Capacity to Make Treatment Decisions: A Primer for Primary Care Physicians. PubMed Central (PMC). Retrieved 11 April 2017, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC181079/ Limerick, M. H. (2007). The process used by surrogate decision makers to withhold and withdraw life-sustaining measures in an intensive care environment. In Oncology nursing forum (Vol. 34, No. 2). Morrison, E. E., Monagle, J. F. (2009). Health care ethics: Critical issues for the 21st century. Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Pera, S. A., Van, T. S. (2005). Ethics in health care. Lansdowne, South Africa: Juta. Pozgar, G. D. (2016). Legal and ethical issues for health professionals. Satyanarayana Rao, K. (2008). Informed consent: An ethical obligation or legal compulsion?. Journal Of Cutaneous And Aesthetic Surgery, 1(1), 33. https://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0974-2077.41159 Tilden, V. P., Tolle, S. W., Nelson, C. A., Fields, J. (2001). Family decision-making to withdraw life-sustaining treatments from hospitalized patients. Nursing research, 50(2), 105-115. Ulrich, L. P. (2001). The patient self-determination act: Meeting the challenges in patient care. Georgetown University Press.

Vision of Hell Salvador Dali free essay sample

Salvador Dali: Vision of Hell Surrealism was the 20th century phase in art and literature of expressing subconscious in images without order or coherence, as in a dream. Surrealist art went beyond writing or painting objects as they looked at reality. Their art showed objects in distorted forms, colors, and movements, like in a dream. Dali’s surrealistic art was based on the belief that there were treasures hidden in the human mind. The word fantasy cannot accurately describe surrealism. Rather, surrealism is better described as a grander reality. In this grander reality, the conflicts faced in life could find resolution. Salvador Dali believed that the truth, by its own nature, was hidden. Due to this, much of his work was based on this belief. Salvador Dali defined surrealism in the way he lived his life, and in the art he created. â€Å"The Vision of Hell† (1962) is a highly sophisticated painting that juxtaposes Salvador Dali’s earlier style, Surrealism, with a more classical style of religious mysticism which he developed later in life. We will write a custom essay sample on Vision of Hell Salvador Dali or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page â€Å"The piece of art Vision of Hell is unusual because it disappeared for almost 40 years, suddenly reappearing in the fall of 1997 80 years after Marys alleged appearance in Fatima. Various stories arose to explain its disappearance, including that the painting languished in a convent under a nuns bed. The most likely story is that the painting, which was last seen in 1962 in a travel agency that arranged bus tours to the Fatima shrine, was rescued by a member of the Blue Army who placed it in storage at the organizations headquarters in New Jersey. † Critics believe that Dali’s greatest works were those done during his Surrealistic period. Greatly influenced by Freud’s Interpretation of Dreams, he tried to enter the subconscious world while he was painting, in order to fathom subconscious imagery. To this end, he tried various methods. For example, he attempted to simulate insanity while painting and he tried setting up his canvas at the base of his bed to paint before sleeping and upon rising. During this period of his life certain images repeated themselves in his art: eyes, noses, bones, crutches, clouds, mountains, blood, soft bodies and/or objects. In â€Å"Vision of Hell†, all of these symbols are found. Called cliches by some, here they seem to be much more than a trite convention. They are an expression of Dali himself. Too, Dali uses the techniques of double images, hidden appearances, and counter appearances. It is important to note that although in the early 1960’s Dali’s art was pejoratively classified as â€Å"academic†, â€Å"religious†, and â€Å"mystic†. Despite the fact that often excluded from the company of Surrealists, Dali deliberately chose the lapse into his previous surrealist style to accomplish the portrayal of hell (the left side of the painting), while his newer style of â€Å"Religious Mysticism† is used on the right side of the painting in the portrayal of Our Lady of Fatima. The central image in the painting is that of eight carving forks, that, in the form of a circle are piercing a body that, typical of Dali’s earlier period, is soft. The parts most visible in this human form are the left chest, the left arm, and the head. â€Å"Vision of Hell† is Dali’s vision portrayal of death. Whenever an artist seriously approaches the subject of death, expect profundity. When this part of the painting is placed side by side with Dali’s famous birth painting, the comparison is startling. Both bodies are curved in a type of fetal position; there are large drops of blood; the arm, the navel and the breast are the central focus of attention. Dali as well as other surrealist painters was greatly influenced by the Dutch painter, Hieronymous Bosh. The burning buildings shown in the top left of Dali’s painting closely resemble Bosch’s burning building in hell, and interestingly, Dali also picks up from Bosch’s inferno the image of the tattered flag, as well as a rectangular structure from which emanate four rays of light. In his earlier, much more famous works, Dali frequently employed crutches in his paintings. He, himself, says he finds the crutch to be â€Å"the significance of life and death†¦ a support for inadequacy. The orange/red spirit, shown escaping from the pierced body in â€Å"Vision of Hell†, has two crutches, one under or on each breast. They seem claw like. Clutching. Salvador Dali often hides images and faces within his paintings, and many of his works are self-portraits. There are three places in this painting where it seems Dali is porting himself. First, in the polymorphic body and second in a whimsical face that appears in a puff of smoke in the lower left center part of the painting. However, there is another face, hidden face, composed of an eye and a nose, which dominates the painting. The dominant face in â€Å"Vision of Hell† can be found by focusing on the black drops that appear in the middle left side of the painting. These black drops, if seen as tears falling from a closed eye, anchor the position to see a bushy black eyebrow above the crying eye, the inside edge of which is being pierced by two carving forks. If one perceives the eye, then the large white nose, which too is being pierced by carving forks, appears. The hidden face is composed of an eye crying black tears, a bushy eyebrow and a large nose, all of which closely resemble Dali’s own features. This dominant and tormented face, floating in the air, recalls the lines which Dali used to inspire the painting: â€Å"plunged in this fire were demons and souls in human form †¦. Rose into the air by the flames that issued from within themselves † (St. Lucia’s Description of hell). Dali chose to sign his name prominently in the middle if the painting. Could it be that â€Å"Vision of Hell† is not only a portrayal of the vision of hell seen by the three Sheppard children but, also a portrayal of Dali himself, tormented and crying? Is a serious portrayal of death, such as this, a minor work?

Free Essays on The Advantage Of Stupidity

The Advantages of Stupidity Most people say being stupid will lead no where. They claim that it is the worst possible condition in which to spend one's life, and if possible, it should be completely avoided. They would even suggest if the symptoms of stupidity are caught in the early stages, it could easily be treated by a surgeon. The most effective method used to do this is the chainsaw technique, later described in volume two. Yet, perhaps if people took a closer look at some of the advantages stupidity had to offer, they wouldn't have such a negative attitude toward it. After reading this paper, one will understand the advantages of stupidity. Admittedly, stupidity has certain disadvantages. Life isn't a bowl of cherries. And being stupid doesn't make it any fruitier. Being stupid can annoy even the most sensitive people. If one acts stupid, and does it in the wrong crowd, like a group of adults, it will seem more immature than funny. If one is forced to act stupid while dealing with lower life forms, for example, high school teachers, one may encounter barriers such as cruelty and insensitivity, with the utterance of statements like, "Think with your head straight!" or, "You have a brain, use it." Yet these are all true, there are still many advantages to stupidity. The first advantage is very easy to understand. Stupid people are never asked to do a lot. Many have noticed that people tend to steer away from someone they feel may be stupid. This is for a very good reason. The stupidity which they posses makes a name for themselves, a name which can be very difficult to shake. Possibly, it is a word which describes the working habits of the person, such as "crappy". Yet, this creates a positive situation for the stupid person. They will have a lot of free time on their hands for more of lifes truly meaningful pleasures. Some of these ac... Free Essays on The Advantage Of Stupidity Free Essays on The Advantage Of Stupidity The Advantages of Stupidity Most people say being stupid will lead no where. They claim that it is the worst possible condition in which to spend one's life, and if possible, it should be completely avoided. They would even suggest if the symptoms of stupidity are caught in the early stages, it could easily be treated by a surgeon. The most effective method used to do this is the chainsaw technique, later described in volume two. Yet, perhaps if people took a closer look at some of the advantages stupidity had to offer, they wouldn't have such a negative attitude toward it. After reading this paper, one will understand the advantages of stupidity. Admittedly, stupidity has certain disadvantages. Life isn't a bowl of cherries. And being stupid doesn't make it any fruitier. Being stupid can annoy even the most sensitive people. If one acts stupid, and does it in the wrong crowd, like a group of adults, it will seem more immature than funny. If one is forced to act stupid while dealing with lower life forms, for example, high school teachers, one may encounter barriers such as cruelty and insensitivity, with the utterance of statements like, "Think with your head straight!" or, "You have a brain, use it." Yet these are all true, there are still many advantages to stupidity. The first advantage is very easy to understand. Stupid people are never asked to do a lot. Many have noticed that people tend to steer away from someone they feel may be stupid. This is for a very good reason. The stupidity which they posses makes a name for themselves, a name which can be very difficult to shake. Possibly, it is a word which describes the working habits of the person, such as "crappy". Yet, this creates a positive situation for the stupid person. They will have a lot of free time on their hands for more of lifes truly meaningful pleasures. Some of these ac...

The Best of Tsunami-Resistant Building

The Best of Tsunami-Resistant Building Architects and engineers can design buildings that will stand tall during even the most violent earthquakes. However, a tsunami (pronounced soo-NAH-mee), which is caused by an earthquake, has the power to wash away entire villages. Tragically, no building is tsunami-proof, but some buildings can be designed to resist forceful waves. The challenge of the architect is to design for the event AND design for beauty - the same challenge faced in safe room design. Understanding Tsunamis Tsunamis are usually generated by powerful earthquakes underneath large bodies of water. The seismic event creates a wave that is more complex than when the wind simply blows the waters surface. The wave can travel hundreds of miles an hour until it reaches shallow water and a shoreline. The Japanese word for harbor is tsu and nami means wave. Because Japan is heavily populated, surrounded by water, and in an area of great seismic activity, tsunamis are often associated with this Asian country. They occur, however, all over the world. Historically tsunamis in the United States are most prevalent on the West coast, including California, Oregon, Washington, Alaska and, of course, Hawaii. A tsunami wave will behave differently depending on the underwater terrain surrounding the shoreline (i.e., how deep or shallow the water is from the shoreline). Sometimes the wave will be like a tidal bore or surge, and some tsunamis dont crash onto the shoreline at all like a more familiar, wind-driven wave. Instead, the water level may rise very, very quickly in what is called a wave runup, as if the tide has come in all at once - like a 100 foot high tide surge. Tsunami flooding may travel inland more than 1000 feet, and the rundown creates continued damage as the water quickly retreats back out to sea.   What Causes the Damage? Structures tend to be destroyed by tsunamis because of five general causes. First is the force of the water and high-velocity water flow. Stationary objects (like houses) in the path of the wave will resist the force, and, depending how the structure is constructed, the water will go through or around it. Second, the tidal wave will be dirty, and the impact of debris carried by the forceful water may be what destroys a wall, roof, or piling. Third, this floating debris can be on fire, which is then spread among combustible materials. Fourth, the tsunami rushing onto land and then retreating back to the sea creates unexpected erosion and scour of foundations. Whereas erosion is the general wearing away of the ground surface, scour is more localized  - the type of wearing away you see around piers and piles as water flows around stationary objects. Both erosion and scour compromise a structures foundation. The fifth cause of damage is from the waves wind forces. Guidelines for Design In general, flood loads can be calculated like for any other building, but the scale of a tsunamis intensity make building more complicated. Tsunami flood velocities are said to be highly complex and site-specific. Because of the unique nature of building a tsunami-resistant structure, FEMA has a special publication called Guidelines for Design of Structures for Vertical Evacuation from Tsunamis. Early warning systems and horizontal evacuation have been the main strategy for many years. The current thinking, however, is to design buildings with vertical evacuation areas: ...a building or earthen mound that has sufficient height to elevate evacuees above the level of tsunami inundation, and is designed and constructed with the strength and resiliency needed to resist the effects of tsunami waves.... Individual homeowners as well as communities may take this approach. Vertical evacuation areas can be part of the design of a multi-story building, or it can be a more modest, stand-alone structure for a single purpose. Existing structures such as well-constructed parking garages could be designated vertical evacuation areas. 8 Strategies for Tsunami-Resistant Construction Shrewd engineering combined with a swift, efficient warning system can save thousands of lives. Engineers and other experts suggest these strategies for tsunami-resistant construction: Build structures with reinforced concrete instead of wood, even though wood construction is more resilient to earthquakes. Reinforced concrete or steel-frame structures are recommended for vertical evacuation structures.Mitigate resistance. Design structures to let the water flow through. Build multi-story structures, with the first floor being open (or on stilts) or breakaway so the major force of water can move through. Rising water will do less damage if it can flow underneath the structure. Architect Daniel A. Nelson and Designs Northwest Architects often use this approach in the residences they build on the Washington Coast. Again, this design is contrary to seismic practices, which makes this recommendation complicated and site specific.Construct deep foundations, braced at the footings. A tsunamis force can turn an otherwise solid, concrete building completely on its side.Design with redundancy, so that the structure can experience partial failure (e.g., a destroyed post) with out progressive collapse. As much as possible, leave vegetation and reefs intact. They wont stop tsunami waves, but they can slow them down.Orient the building at an angle to the shoreline. Walls that directly face the ocean will suffer more damage.Use continuous steel framing strong enough to resist hurricane-force winds.Design structural connectors that can absorb stress. Whats the Cost? FEMA estimates that a tsunami-resistant structure, including seismic-resistant and progressive collapse-resistant design features, would experience about a 10 to 20% order-of-magnitude increase in total construction costs over that required for normal-use buildings. This article briefly describes design tactics used for buildings in tsunami-prone coastlines. For details about these and other construction techniques, explore the primary sources. Sources United States Tsunami Warning System, NOAA / National weather Service, tsunami.gov/Erosion, Scour, and Foundation Design, FEMA, January 2009, PDF at https://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/20130726-1644-20490-8177/757_apd_5_erosionscour.pdfCoastal Construction Manual, Volume II FEMA, 4th edition, August  2011, pp. 8-15, 8-47, PDF at https://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/20130726-1510-20490-1986/fema55_volii_combined_rev.pdfGuidelines for Design of Structures for Vertical Evacuation from Tsunami, 2nd edition, FEMA P646, April 1, 2012, pp. 1, 16, 35, 55, 111, PDF at https://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/1426211456953-f02dffee4679d659f62f414639afa806/FEMAP-646_508.pdf  Tsunami-Proof Building by Danbee Kim, http://web.mit.edu/12.000/www/m2009/teams/2/danbee.htm, 2009 [accessed August 13, 2016]The Tech To Make Buildings Earthquake - and Tsunami - Resistant by Andrew Moseman, Popular Mechanics, March 11, 2011How to Make Buildings Safer in Tsunamis by Rollo Reid, Reid Steel

What is ethis Can ethics be taught Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What is ethis Can ethics be taught - Term Paper Example For example, in some fundamental societies, killing of people who say something against the religion is accepted as a sacred act. According to newspaper reports, Indian capital New Delhi faced a severe terrorist attack in which more than 10 innocent people were killed. The terrorist who accepted responsibility for this attack was a fundamental Islamic terrorist organization. For them, what they did in Delhi is ethical. But for others, it cannot be considered as ethical. So it is not necessary that religions or the society may always teach moral activities. From the above discussion, it is clear that ethics cannot be taught; but it should be learned through logical analysis and synthesis of experiences in the past. â€Å"When most people think of ethics (or morals), they think of rules for distinguishing between right and wrong† (Resnik, 2010). My personal code of ethics is formulated in line with the above argument. In fact my personal ethics has nothing to do with my religious beliefs. I have no hesitation in accepting the good teachings of other religions. For example, according to Christian and Muslim belief, killing of animals for food is not a sin. However, Buddhism and Hinduism consider all types of killing as sin. I have no hesitation in accepting the arguments of Buddhism and Hinduism as far as killing of animals is concerned. For me, any activity which may not cause any kind of discomfort to others can be considered as ethical. When I was working in the production department of an organization, a sales executive who is working for another company approached me with a major job. Even though his organization has all the facilities to complete that job, he told me that he doesn’t want to complete that job with the help of his own organization. His intention was to make more money out of this job. Since my organization has lack of works at that time, his offer put me in a dilemma. According to my

Is placing a financial value on the natural envirnment enough Essay

Is placing a financial value on the natural envirnment enough - Essay Example Additionally, the desire for improved infrastructure makes it possible for government agencies and the private sector to overlook the natural environment. Placing a financial value on the natural environment thus makes it possible for the government to maintain high-level accountability thus monitoring changes and implementing appropriate policies in curbing the effects of environmental degradation. Emission of carbon dioxide gases and the diminishing forest cover in countries globally is a vital social issue that governments all over the world strive to address. Pacing financial value on the natural environment thus makes it possible for the government to account for the activities of every individual and determine an appropriate way of compensating especially for people who emit carbon but cannot take social responsibility (Glasson, Therivel & Chadwick, 2005). The Canadian for example has implemented and efficient mechanism of taxing those emitting carbon. Through a tax regime entitled carbon tax, the Canadian government collects revenue it uses in improving the forest cover with the view of increasing conservation of the environment. Additionally, such costs act as incentives for entrepreneurs to use clean sources of energy such as bio fuels, the sun and wind among many others. By placing financial value on the natural environment, the implementation of such effective polici es become more efficient and less exploitative since the government will monitor the activities of every emitter of carbon thereby charging appropriately. The approach adopted by the UK government promises more effectiveness owing to the governments attention to details associated with the placement of the financial value on the natural environment. Total enterprise value is a concept in accounting that helps entrepreneurs to determine the actual value of their entries.

Wilfred Owen Essay Example for Free

Wilfred Owen Essay Wilfred Edward Salter Owen was born on 18 March 1893 and died on 4 November 1918. He was an English poet and soldier, one of the leading poets of the First World War. His shocking, graphic poetry about the First World War was very heavily influenced by his friend, Siegfried Sassoon. There was a vast contrast between his poetry about the war and that of others, such as Rupert Brooke, as his took on a completely different perspective, and showed the readers a whole new side of the war. This wasn’t how he always looked at the war though. It was out of his own free choice that he joined the army, but it was two traumatic experiences that caused his view point to change so drastically. Firstly, he was thrown into the air when hit by a trench mortar and landed in the remains of a fellow soldier. Then, he was trapped for days in a German dugout. It was these two horrible experiences that caused his dramatic change of mind, and caused him to suffer from ‘shell shock’, which led to him being sent to a hospital for treatment. That was where he met fellow poet Siegfried Sassoon, and this meeting changed his life. In March 1918, he was sent to a command depot in Ripon, and here, a number of poems were written. After he had recovered, he was sent back to the front line, and tragically, a mere week before the war ended, he was shot in the head and died. Owen started writing poems long before the war, and he stated that he started at the age of ten. His friend, Siegfried Sassoon had a large effect on his poetry, especially in ‘Dulce et Decorum est’ and ‘Anthem for Doomed Youth’. These show direct results of Sassoon’s influence. A poem by Pat Barker was written about their relationship. His poetry changed significantly in 1917, where as part of his therapy his doctor got him to write his experiences down into poems. Though thousands of poems were published during the war, very few were acknowledged, and even fewer were loved, but Owen was one of them. Only 5 of Wilfred’s poems were published before he died. It was a popular belief that Owen was a homosexual, and there were some elements of homoeroticism in his poems, though he never actually said this. Historians have speculated as to whether he had an affair with Scott-Moncrieff, as Scott had dedicated many of his works to ‘Mr. W.O.’, but Owen never responded on this matter. It was only as a result of Sassoon being shot that led to his decision to return to the front line back in France, even though he could have chosen not to. He felt he needed to ‘take Sassoon’s place’. However, Sassoon was strongly opposed to the idea, and even threatened to ‘stab him in the leg’ if he tried it. Aware of what Sassoon thought, Owen didn’t tell him he went ahead with it and returned to the front line. He was killed whilst crossing the canal on 4 November 1918.